EFFECT OF FIELD TREATMENTS AND RETTING METHODS ON FIBERS YIELD AND
QUALITY OF FLAX
Presented to the Graduate School
Faculty of Agriculture (Damanhour), Alexandria University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy of Agricultural Science
in
Crop Science
by
Mohamed Zaghlool Dakrory Ahmed Dakrory
2010
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mohamed Saadalla
Professor and Head of Crop Science Dept.,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Alexandria University,Damanhour branch.
Prof. Dr. Ali Issa Nawar
Professor of Crop Science,
Department of Crop Science,
Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University.
Dr. El-Deeb Ibraheem El-Deeb
Assistant Professorof Crop Science,
Fiber Research Section,
Agriculture Research Center.
SUMMARY
The first experiment :
The first experiment was carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2006/07 and 2007/08 to study the effect of days to harvest and plant densities of six flax cultivars on seed yield, yield components, fiber yield and fiber technological characters, the flax cultivars were Sakha-1, Sakha-2, Sakha-3, Sakha-4, Belinka and Ilona.
A- Straw yield and its related characters:
1- Plant height:
- Belinka was the tallest cultivar.
- Increasing density from 1500 up to 2500 seeds/m2 caused increase in plant height.
- The latest day to harvest gave the tallest plant.
Second order interaction
-Belinka was the tallest cultivar when it was harvested at 165 days and sown with 2500 seeds /m2.
2 – Technical length:
-Belinka cultivar ranked the first in technical length.
- Plant density of 2500 seeds /m2 gave the highest values in technical length.
-Delaying days to harvest increased significantly the technical length.
- Belinka cultivar recorded the highest values at 165 days and sown with 2500 seeds/m2.
3- Stem diameter:
- Ilona was the thinnest stem cultivars.
- Increasing plant density from 1500 to 2500 seeds /m2 decreased gradually stem diameter.
- Delaying days to harvest from 135 days to 150 days increased stem diameter. Second order interaction
- The thinnest stem was obtained from Ilona when it was harvested at 135 days and sown with 2500 seeds /m2.
4- Straw yield/plant:
- Sakha-3 ranked the first in straw yield / plant.
- Plant density of 1500 seeds /m2 gave the highest straw yield / plant
- The highest straw yield/ plant was obtained with delaying harvest plant to 165 days.
First order interactions
- The heaviest straw/plant was obtained for Sakha-3 when sown with 1500 seeds/m2.
- The heaviest straw yield / plant was obtained from Sakha-3 when harvested at 165 days after sowing.
- The heaviest straw yield/plant was obtained from sowing with 1500 seeds/m2 and harvesting at 165 days after sowing.
5- Straw yield/feddan:
- Sakha-3 was significantly superior to the other cultivars in straw yield/feddan.
- The highest plant density gave the heaviest straw yield per feddan.
-The highest straw yield/feddan was obtained from the longest period to harvest (165 days) .
- Sakha-3 recorded the heaviest straw yield when it was harvested at 165 days with 2500 seeds /m2 .
B- Seed yield, its related characters and oil content:
1- Number of capsules/plant:
- Sakha-2 was significantly superior to the other cultivars.
- Low density gave the greatest number of capsules/plant.
- Delaying the days to harvest from 135 to 165 days increased number of capsules/plant.
- Sakha-1 recorded the highest number of capsules when it was harvested at 165 days and sown with 1500 seeds /m2 in the first season.
2- Number of seeds / plant:
- Sakha-2 and Sakha-1 had the greatest number of seeds / plant.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 1500 seeds /m2 increased number of seeds / plant over the 2500 seeds /m2 treatment by 14.72 and 33.04% , respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 16.39 and 33.14%, respectively.
-There was a gradual increment in seeds / plant from the days to harvest at 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days.
- Sakha-2 recorded the greatest number of seeds when it was harvested at 165 days with 1500 seeds /m2.
3- Seed index:
-Sakha-2 had the highest value of seed index.
- Plant densities of 2000 and 1500 seeds /m2 increased seed index over the 2500 seeds /m2 by 11.75 and 15.2%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 6.92 and 15.4%, respectively.
- Seed index was increased when the days to harvest was delayed from 135 to 150 days in the both seasons, then reduced at 165 days to harvest in the two season.
-Sakha-2 recorded the highest value of seed index when it was harvested at 150 days with 1500 seeds /m2.
4- Fruiting zone:
-Sakha-2 and had the tallest fruiting zone of all cultivars.
- There was a decrease in fruiting zone by 0.48 % when plant density increased from 1500 seeds /m2 to 2000 but when plant density increased to 2500 seeds /m2 fruiting zone increased by 1.01% over 1500 seeds/m2 in the first season. The increasing percent over 1500 seeds/m2 were 0.26 and 1.6 % for 2000 and 2500 seeds/m2, respectively with not significant differences in the second season.
-Fruiting zone declined from 16.97 cm at 135 days to 16.75 and 16.79 cm at 150 and 165 days in the first season and declined gradually from the harvesting date 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days with the values from 15.96 to 15.55 cm in the second season.
- Sakha-2 recorded the longest zone of fruit when it was harvested at 150 days with 2500 seeds /m2.
5- Seed yield / plant:
-Sakha-2 had the heaviest seed yield / plant .
- The plant densities of 2000 and 1500 seeds /m2 increased seed yield / plant over the 2500 seeds /m2 treatment by 24 and 48%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 23.08 and 46.15%, respectively.
-There was a gradual increment in seed yield / plant from the harvesting date 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days.
- Sakha-2 recorded the heaviest weight of seed when it was harvested at 165 days with 1500 seeds /m2.
6- Seed yield / feddan:
-Sakha-2 had the heaviest seed yield/feddan and recorded 794.12 in the first season and 809.78 kg/ feddan in the second season.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 1500 seeds /m2 increased seed yield / feddan over the 2500 seeds /m2 treatment by 2.47 and 6.49%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 3.31 and 6.77%, respectively.
-There was a gradual increment in seed yield / feddan from the harvesting date 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days.
- Sakha-2 recorded the heaviest seed yield/feddan when it was harvested at 165 days with 1500 seeds /m2.
7- Oil content:
- Sakha-2 was the best cultivar for oil content.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 1500 seeds /m2 increased oil content over the 2500 seeds /m2 treatment by 3.56 and 6.43%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 3.85 and 7.16%, respectively.
-There was a gradual increment in oil content from the harvesting date 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days .
- Sakha-2 recorded the highest percent value when it was harvested at 165 days with 1500 seeds /m2.
C- Fiber yield and its technological characters:
1- Fiber percentage:
-Ilona was the best cultivar for fiber percentage.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 2500 seeds /m2 increased fiber percentage over the 1500 seeds /m2 treatment by 5.47 and 13.62%, respectively in the first season. The corresponding values in the second season were 5.96 and 13.62%, respectively.
-There were fluctuated increments in fiber percentage from the harvesting at 135 days after sowing toward the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days after sowing where fiber percentage was increased from 17.35 and 17.58% to 20.43 and 20.62% when harvesting was delayed from 135 to 150 days, in the first and second seasons, then reduced to 19.41 and 19.65% at 165 days in the first and second seasons, respectively.
First order interaction
- The highest percent of fiber was obtained from Ilona when it was sown with 2500 seeds /m2.
- The highest percent of fiber was obtained from Ilona when harvested at 150 days after sowing.
- The highest percent of fiber was obtained from sowing with 2500 seeds/m2 at 150 days after sowing.
2- Fiber yield / plant:
-Ilona ranked the first cultivar for fiber yield/plant in two seasons.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 2500 seeds /m2 increased fiber yield / plant over the 1500 seeds /m2 treatment by 22.73 and 31.82%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 17.39 and 30.44%, respectively.
-There was a gradual increment in fiber yield / plant from harvesting at 135 days after sowing toward the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days.
- Sakha-3 recorded the highest fiber yield / plant when it was harvested at 165 days with 2500 seeds /m2.
3- Fiber yield / feddan:
-Ilona was the heaviest among the cultivars for fiber yield/feddan.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 2500 seeds /m2 increased fiber yield/feddan over the 1500 seeds /m2 treatment by 12.11 and 24.66%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 11.92 and 25.27%, respectively.
- Fiber yield / feddan was increased when the days to harvest was delayed from 135 to 150 days, then reduced at 165 days.
- Ilona recorded the heaviest fiber yield when it was harvested at 150 days with 2500 seeds /m2.
4- Fiber length:
- Belinka was the longest fiber of all cultivars.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 2500 seeds /m2 increased fiber length over the 1500 seeds /m2 treatment by 5.16 and 10.36%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 5.15 and 10.03%, respectively.
- There were gradual increments in fiber length from harvesting after 135 days towards the oldest flax plants when reached 165 days.
- Belinka recorded the longest fiber when it was harvested at 165 days with 2500 seeds /m2.
5- Fiber fineness:
-Ilona cultivar surpassed all cultivars for fiber fineness.
- The plant densities of 2000 and 2500 seeds /m2 increased fiber fineness over the 1500 seeds /m2 treatment by 2.06 and 8.43%, respectively. The corresponding values in the second season were 1.58 and 4.3%, respectively.
-Fiber fineness decreased when the days to harvest was delayed 165 days.
- Ilona recorded the finest fiber when it was harvested at 135 days after sowing with 2500 seeds /m2.
The second experiment:
The second experiment included two investigations which carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2007/08 and 2008/09 at Etay El-Baroud Agric. Res. Station, Egypt, to study the effect of water retting methods (Static water, changing water every 36h, changing water every 72h) of some flax cultivars on fiber yield and its technological traits. The used flax cultivars were Sakha-1, Sakha-2, Sakha-3, Sakha-4, Belinka and Ilona.
1- Fiber length
- Retting with changing water every 36 hours gave the longest fiber.
- Belinka was the longest fiber length.
2- Fiber percentage:
- Retting without changing water gave the highest fiber percentage.
- The highest mean value of fiber percentage was obtained from Ilona in the first season. Ilona and Belinka were the best cultivars in the second season.
- Retting flax without changing water gave the highest fiber yield / feddan.
- Sakha-3 was the heaviest yield of fiber/feddan with did not significantly differ from Belinka in the first season. Sakha-3, Ilona and Sakha-4 had a high fiber yield/ feddan in the second seasons.
4- Fiber fineness:
- Retting without changing water gave the highest values of fiber fineness.
- Ilona had the highest value of fiber fineness in the first season and Sakha-3 was the finest fiber in the second season.
- The finest fiber was obtained from Ilona when it was retted without changing water in the first season and Sakha-3 when it was retted without changing water in the second season.
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EFFECT OF SOWING DATES AND PLANTING METHODS ON GROWTH CHARACTERS, SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF FABA BEAN IN NEWLY RECLAIMED LANDS
Badran, M.S.S and M.Z.D.Ahmed
Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Two field experiments were carried out, during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winter seasons, at the Experimental Station Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, El-Bostan Region, El -Behera Governorate, Egypt. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of four sowing dates (Oct. 16th, Oct. 31st, Nov.15th and Nov.30th) and six planting methods; i.e., sowing seeds at 14, 22 and 30 cm hill spacings ,on one and both sides of the ridges; on growth characters, seed yield and its components of faba bean cultivar “Sakha 1”. A split-plot design, with three replications, was used in each experiment. The sowing dates occupied the main plots, while, the planting methods were arranged in the sub-plots. The two studied factors; sowing dates, planting methods and their interaction; had a significant effects on all studied traits; i.e., number of days to maturity, plant height, number of branches/ plant, number of pods/ plant, number of seeds /pod, seed yield/ plant, one hundred seed weight and seed yield / ha, in both seasons. In general, it could be concluded that planting faba bean on Nov.15th at 55 -cm wide ridges with plants 22 cm apart on both sides of ridges improved growth characters; seed yield and its components of faba bean under newly reclaimed land; in El-Bostan Region; El -Behera Governorate; Egypt.
Key words: Sowing dates, planting methods, faba bean, newly reclaimed lands
الملخص العربي
تأثير مواعيد وطرق زراعة الفول البلدى على صفات النمو والمحصول البذري ومكوناته
في الاراضى حديثه الاستزراع
محمد صبحي سعد بدران –محمد زغلول دكرورى أحمد
قسم المحاصيل – كليه الزراعة – جامعه دمنهور.
أقيمت تجربتان حقليتان بالمزرعة البحثية لكلية الزراعة جامعه دمنهور- بمنطقة البستان بمحافظه البحيرة- جمهوريةمصر العربية - خلال موسمي الزراعة 2009/2010 و 2010/2011 بهدف دراسة تأثير أربعة مواعيد للزراعة (16 أكتوبر و31 أكتوبر و15نوفمبر و30 نوفمبر) وستة من طرق الزراعة حيث تمت زراعة البذور على خطوط بعرض 55 سم وعلى مسافات بين الجور (14 و22 و30 سمعلىريشة واحدة وعلي ريشتي الخطوط والخف على نبات واحد/جورة ) وذلك على صفات النمو والإنتاجية المحصولية للفول البلدي صنف " سخا 1 " وذلك تحت ظروف الاراضى الرملية حديثة الاستزراع. وقد نفذت هذه الدراسة بتصميم القطع المنشقة مرة واحدة في ثلاث مكررات، حيث خصصت القطع الرئيسية لمواعيد الزراعة، بينما خصصت القطع الفرعية لطرق الزراعة. وقد أظهرت النتائج أن كلا من عاملي الدراسة (مواعيد وطرق الزراعة) وكذا التفاعل بينهما كان لها تأثيرا معنويا على جميع الصفات التي تمت دراستها وهى عدد الأيام من الزراعة حتى مرحلة النضج وارتفاع النباتات وعدد الأفرع/نبات وعدد القرون/نبات وعدد البذور/قرن ووزن البذور/نبات ووزن المائة بذره والمحصول البذري/هكتار وذلك في كلا موسمي الدراسة. وعموما فانه بناءا على نتائج هذه الدراسة يمكن التوصيةبزراعة الفول البلدي خلال منتصف شهر نوفمبر في جور على خطوط (22 سم بين الجور و55 سم بين الخطوط ) وذلك على كلا ريشتي الخطوط مع الخف على نبات واحد/جورة حيث أعطى هذا التطبيق أفضل إنتاجية محصولية للفول البلدي تحت ظروف الاراضى الرملية حديثة الاستزراع بمنطقة البستان بمحافظه البحيرة بجمهورية مصر العربية.